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The efficiency can be determined by the following relation: = where is the temperature of the cooling surface and is the temperature of the heating surface.. The key energy phenomena and the reason of defining a specific use of thermoelectric elements (Figure 1) as heat pump resides in the energy fluxes that those elements allow realizing: [8] [9]
Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
Pyroelectricity – the creation of an electric polarization in a crystal after heating/cooling, an effect distinct from thermoelectricity; Thermionic emission – the liberation of charged particles from a hot electrode; Thermogalvanic cell – the production of electrical power from a galvanic cell with electrodes at different temperatures ...
In practice, many such junctions may be arranged in series to increase the effect to the amount of heating or cooling required. There are no moving parts, so a Peltier plate is maintenance free. It has a relatively low efficiency, so thermoelectric cooling is generally used for electronic devices, such as infra-red sensors, that need to operate ...
Radiant heating systems may be gas-fired or use electric infrared heating elements. An example of the overhead radiant heaters are the patio heaters often used with outdoor serving. The top metal disc reflects the radiant heat onto a small area.
Most modern electric heating devices use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators. Alternatively, a heat pump can achieve around 150% – 600% efficiency for heating, or COP 1.5 - 6.0 Coefficient of performance , because it uses electric power only for ...
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