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  2. Reciprocal causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_causation

    In these examples, the source of selection on a trait coevolves with the trait itself, therefore causation is reciprocal and developmental processes potentially become relevant to evolutionary accounts. For instance, a peacock’s tail evolves through mating preferences in peahens, and those preferences coevolve with the male trait.

  3. Proximate and ultimate causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate...

    Causes and effects. Causes and effects from a common cause. One famous example of the importance of this is the Duhem–Quine thesis, which demonstrates that it is impossible to test a hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions. One way to solve this issue is to employ ...

  4. Biological rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rules

    The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.

  5. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

    Interactions can be direct when physical contact is established or indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources, territories, ecological services, metabolic waste, toxins or growth inhibitors. This type of relationship can be shown by net effect based on individual effects on both organisms arising out of relationship.

  6. Tinbergen's four questions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen's_four_questions

    How vs. why questions: Proximate view How an individual organism's structures function Ontogeny (development) Developmental explanations for changes in individuals, from DNA to their current form Mechanism (causation) Mechanistic explanations for how an organism's structures work Ultimate (evolutionary) view

  7. Principles of learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_learning

    Primacy, The instructor must present subject matter in a logical order, step by step, making sure the students have already learned the preceding step. If the task is learned in isolation, if it is not initially applied to the overall performance, or if it must be relearned, the process can be confusing and time consuming.

  8. Law of primacy in persuasion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_primacy_in_persuasion

    In persuasive communication, the order of the information's presentation influences opinion formation. The law of primacy in persuasion, otherwise known as a primacy effect, as postulated by Frederick Hansen Lund in 1925 holds that the side of an issue presented first will have greater effectiveness in persuasion than the side presented subsequently. [1]

  9. List of effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_effects

    Vandenbergh effect (biology) Vaporific effect (fire) Veblen effect (consumer theory) (goods) Venturi effect (fluid dynamics) Venus effect (artistic techniques) (cognitive science) (film techniques) (mirrors) (psychology) Visual effects (computer generated imagery) Visual effects art director; Voigt effect (magnetism) (optics)