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Inhaled agents like diethyl ether are critical in anesthesia. Diethyl ether initially replaced non-flammable (but more toxic) halogenated hydrocarbons like chloroform and trichloroethylene. Halothane is a halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic agent that was introduced into clinical practice in 1956. Due to its ease of use and improved safety ...
Volatile anaesthetic agents share the property of being liquid at room temperature, but evaporating easily for administration by inhalation. The volatile anesthetics used in the developed world today include: Desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane. Other agents widely used in the past include ether, chloroform, enflurane, halothane, methoxyflurane.
Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether. Developed by Ross Terrell in 1963, it was first used clinically in 1966. It was increasingly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s [2] but is no longer in common use. [3] Enflurane is a structural isomer of isoflurane. It vaporizes ...
However, most of the halogenated anesthetics are irritating to the airway, perhaps leading to coughing, laryngospasm and overall difficult inductions. If induction needs to be conducted with an inhaled anesthetic agent, sevoflurane is often used due to a relatively low pungency, rapid increase in
Isoflurane, sold under the brand name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic. [4] It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia; however, other medications are often used to start anesthesia, due to airway irritation with isoflurane. [3] [5] Isoflurane is given via inhalation. [4]
It is a halogenated ether in form of a clear, colorless liquid, and its vapor has a strong fruity aroma. It is miscible with ethanol, acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, and fixed oils. It is soluble in rubber. [12] With a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 0.16%, [55] methoxyflurane is an extremely potent anesthetic agent. It is a ...
It is a potent anesthetic with a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 0.74%. [14] Its blood/gas partition coefficient of 2.4 makes it an agent with moderate induction and recovery time. [15] It is not a good analgesic and its muscle relaxation effect is moderate. [16] Halothane is colour-coded red on anaesthetic vaporisers. [17]
The Meyer-Overton correlation for anaesthetics. A nonspecific mechanism of general anaesthetic action was first proposed by Emil Harless and Ernst von Bibra in 1847. [9] They suggested that general anaesthetics may act by dissolving in the fatty fraction of brain cells and removing fatty constituents from them, thus changing activity of brain cells and inducing anaesthesia.