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  2. Instrumental and value-rational action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value...

    [6]: 51–5, 698 His prime example of value-rational action was institutionalised rituals found in all societies: culturally prescribed but eternally legitimate ends. [6]: 467, 675–9, 717 [7] Rational humans pursue socially legitimate value-rational ends by using operationally efficient instrumental means.

  3. Rational number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number

    In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...

  4. Instrumental and value rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value...

    (1) instrumentally rational (zweckrational), that is, determined by expectations as to the behavior of objects in the environment and of other human beings; these expectations are used as "conditions" or "means" for the attainment of the actor's own rationally pursued and calculated ends; (2) value-rational (wertrational), that is, determined ...

  5. Algebraic number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number

    Values of trigonometric functions of rational multiples of π (except when undefined): for example, cos ⁠ π / 7 ⁠, cos ⁠ 3 π / 7 ⁠, and cos ⁠ 5 π / 7 ⁠ satisfy 8x 3 − 4x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0. This polynomial is irreducible over the rationals and so the three cosines are conjugate algebraic numbers.

  6. Instrumental and intrinsic value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic...

    Things are deemed to have instrumental value (or extrinsic value [2]) if they help one achieve a particular end; intrinsic values, by contrast, are understood to be desirable in and of themselves. A tool or appliance, such as a hammer or washing machine, has instrumental value because it helps one pound in a nail or clean clothes, respectively.

  7. Rational function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function

    In mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers ; they may be taken in any field K .

  8. Rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality

    However, this usually ignores the human limitations of the mind. Given these limitations, various discrepancies may be necessary (and in this sense rational) to get the most useful results. [6] [12] [1] For example, the ideal rational norms of decision theory demand that the agent should always choose the option with the highest expected value ...

  9. Rationalization (sociology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)

    Rationalization (or rationalisation) is the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with concepts based on rationality and reason. [2] The term rational is seen in the context of people, their expressions, and or their actions.