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Ilya Repin, portrait of Pavel Tretyakov, 1901. The contemporary economics of culture most often takes as its starting point Baumol and Bowen's [1] seminal work on the performing arts, which argues that reflection on the arts has been part of the history of economic thought since the birth of modern economics in the seventeenth century.
Works of art and culture have a specific quality, which is their uniqueness. While other economic goods, such as crude oil or wheat are generic, interchangeable commodities (given a specific grade of the product), there is only one example of a famous painting such as the Mona Lisa, and only one example of Rodin's well-known sculpture The Thinker.
A strong relationship between the arts and politics, particularly between various kinds of art and power, occurs across historical epochs and cultures.As they respond to contemporaneous events and politics, the arts take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming themselves a focus of controversy and even a force of political as well as social change.
Economist David Throsby has proposed the idea of culturally sustainable development which compasses both the cultural industries (such as the arts) and culture (in the societal sense). He has created a set of criteria in regards to for which policy prescriptions can be compared to in order to ensure growth for future generations.
In her 1970 book Meaning and Expression: Toward a Sociology of Art, Hanna Deinhard gives one approach: "The point of departure of the sociology of art is the question: How is it possible that works of art, which always originate as products of human activity within a particular time and society and for a particular time, society, or function -- even though they are not necessarily produced as ...
Though the majority of Americans in the 21st century identify themselves as middle class, American society has experienced increased income inequality. [26] [192] [193] Social class, generally described as a combination of educational attainment, income and occupational prestige, is one of the greatest cultural influences in America. [26]
Marxist aesthetics is a theory of aesthetics based on, or derived from, the theories of Karl Marx.It involves a dialectical and materialist, or dialectical materialist, approach to the application of Marxism to the cultural sphere, specifically areas related to taste such as art, beauty, and so forth.
Popular culture (also called pop culture or mass culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art [cf. pop art] or mass art, sometimes contrasted with fine art) [1] [2] and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time.