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  2. Thorns, spines, and prickles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles

    Prickles on a blackberry branch. In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called spinose teeth or spinose apical processes), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems, or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically defending plants against herbivory.

  3. Vertebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra

    one spinous process; two transverse processes; four articular processes; A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. [7] This process points dorsally and caudally from the junction of the laminae. [7] The spinous process serves to attach muscles and ligaments.

  4. Process (anatomy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(anatomy)

    In anatomy, a process (Latin: processus) is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. [1] For instance, in a vertebra, a process may serve for muscle attachment and leverage (as in the case of the transverse and spinous processes), or to fit (forming a synovial joint), with another vertebra (as in the case of the articular processes). [2]

  5. Lumbar vertebrae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae

    The costiform is lateral, the mammillary is superior (cranial), and the accessory is inferior (caudal). The mammillary is connected in the lumbar region with the back part of the superior articular process. [clarification needed] The accessory process is situated at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The tallest and thickest ...

  6. Nuchal ligament - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_ligament

    As it is required for running, not all animals have one. [ 7 ] All dogs (and all living Canidae - wolves, foxes, and wild dogs) possess a similar ligament connecting the spinous process of their first thoracic (or chest) vertebrae to the back of the axis bone (second cervical or neck bone), which supports the weight of the head without active ...

  7. Ossicone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossicone

    Males also usually have a single median ossicone on the frontal bone that is larger in northern animals and smaller in southern giraffes. [3] Giraffes can also have small additional paired occipital ossicones on the occipital bones, paired orbital ossicones associated with eyes, and azygous ossicones.

  8. Accessory bone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_bone

    Accessory bones of the ankle. [13]Accessory bones at the ankle mainly include: Os subtibiale, with a prevalence of approximately 1%. [14] It is a secondary ossification center of the distal tibia that appears during the first year of life, and which in most people fuses with the shaft at approximately 15 years in females and approximately 17 years in males.

  9. Pars interarticularis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_interarticularis

    The pars interarticularis, or pars for short, is the part of a vertebra located between the inferior and superior articular processes of the facet joint. [1] [2] In the transverse plane, it lies between the lamina and pedicle. In other words, in the axial view, it is the bony mass between the facets that is anterior to the lamina and posterior ...