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  2. Bottom–up and top–down design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom–up_and_topdown...

    An example of top-down processing: Even though the second letter in each word is ambiguous, top–down processing allows for easy disambiguation based on the context. These terms are also employed in cognitive sciences including neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to discuss the flow of information in processing. [7]

  3. Context effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_effect

    Top down design fuels understanding of an image by using prior experiences and knowledge to interpret a stimulus. This process helps us analyze familiar scenes and objects when encountering them. [3] During perception of any kind, people generally use either sensory data (bottom-up design) or prior knowledge of the stimulus (top-down design ...

  4. Top-down - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down

    Top-down reading, is a part of reading science that explains the reader's psycholinguistic strategies in using grammatical and lexical knowledge for comprehension rather than linearly decoding texts. Top-down proteomics, a method for protein analysis; Top-down effects, effects of population density on a resource in a soil food web

  5. Attention - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention

    The second aspect is called top-down processing, also known as goal-driven, endogenous attention, attentional control or executive attention. This aspect of our attentional orienting is under the control of the person who is attending. It is mediated primarily by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia [68] [73] as one of the executive functions.

  6. Predictive coding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding

    McClelland and Rumelhart's parallel processing model describes perception as the meeting of top-down (conceptual) and bottom-up (sensory) elements. In the late 1990s, the idea of top-down and bottom-up processing was translated into a computational model of vision by Rao and Ballard. [3]

  7. Top-down parsing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down_parsing

    Top-down parsing can be viewed as an attempt to find left-most derivations of an input-stream by searching for parse-trees using a top-down expansion of the given formal grammar rules. Inclusive choice is used to accommodate ambiguity by expanding all alternative right-hand-sides of grammar rules.

  8. Phonemic restoration effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_restoration_effect

    Neurally, the signs of interrupted or stopped speech can be suppressed in the thalamus and auditory cortex, possibly as a consequence of top-down processing by the auditory system. [2] Key aspects of the speech signal itself are considered to be resolved somewhere in the interface between auditory and language-specific areas (an example is ...

  9. Object recognition (cognitive science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition...

    In contrast, an increasingly popular recognition processing theory, is that of top-down processing. One model, proposed by Moshe Bar (2003), describes a "shortcut" method in which early visual inputs are sent, partially analyzed, from the early visual cortex to the prefrontal cortex (PFC).