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  2. Polyelectrolyte theory of the gene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyelectrolyte_theory_of...

    DNA is such a molecule. No matter what the nucleic acid sequence is, DNA maintains a consistent double helix structure and, therefore, the consistent physical properties that allow it to remain dissolved in water and be replicated by cellular machinery. The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene reasons that DNA can maintain its shape regardless of ...

  3. Valine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine

    Valine (symbol Val or V) [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH 3 + form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid.

  4. Hydrophobic effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect

    The hydrophobic effect depends on the temperature, which leads to "cold denaturation" of proteins. [19] The hydrophobic effect can be calculated by comparing the free energy of solvation with bulk water. In this way, the hydrophobic effect not only can be localized but also decomposed into enthalpic and entropic contributions. [3]

  5. Protein folding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding

    The hydrophobic effect exists as a driving force in thermodynamics only if there is the presence of an aqueous medium with an amphiphilic molecule containing a large hydrophobic region. [23] The strength of hydrogen bonds depends on their environment; thus, H-bonds enveloped in a hydrophobic core contribute more than H-bonds exposed to the ...

  6. Amino acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

    Glycine and proline are strongly present within low complexity regions of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins, whereas the opposite is the case with cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, which are highly reactive, or complex, or hydrophobic. [40] [42] [43]

  7. Beta barrel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_barrel

    Lipocalins are typically eight-stranded up-and-down beta barrel proteins that are secreted into the extracellular environment. A distinctive feature is their ability to bind and transport small hydrophobic molecules in the barrel calyx. Examples of the family include retinol binding proteins (RBPs) and major urinary proteins (Mups).

  8. DNA synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis

    DNA replication occurs so, during cell division, each daughter cell contains an accurate copy of the genetic material of the cell. In vivo DNA synthesis ( DNA replication ) is dependent on a complex set of enzymes which have evolved to act during the S phase of the cell cycle, in a concerted fashion.

  9. Hemoglobin subunit beta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_subunit_beta

    The most common is HbS, which causes sickle cell disease. HbS is produced by a point mutation in HBB in which the codon GAG is replaced by GTG. This results in the replacement of hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid with the hydrophobic amino acid valine at the seventh position (β6Glu→Val). This substitution creates a hydrophobic spot on the ...