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  2. Valine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine

    Valine (symbol Val or V) [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH 3 + form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid.

  3. Beta barrel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_barrel

    Lipocalins are typically eight-stranded up-and-down beta barrel proteins that are secreted into the extracellular environment. A distinctive feature is their ability to bind and transport small hydrophobic molecules in the barrel calyx. Examples of the family include retinol binding proteins (RBPs) and major urinary proteins (Mups).

  4. Hydrophobic effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect

    The hydrophobic effect depends on the temperature, which leads to "cold denaturation" of proteins. [19] The hydrophobic effect can be calculated by comparing the free energy of solvation with bulk water. In this way, the hydrophobic effect not only can be localized but also decomposed into enthalpic and entropic contributions. [3]

  5. DNA synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis

    In vivo DNA synthesis (DNA replication) is dependent on a complex set of enzymes which have evolved to act during the S phase of the cell cycle, in a concerted fashion. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes , DNA replication occurs when specific topoisomerases , helicases and gyrases (replication initiator proteins) uncoil the double-stranded DNA ...

  6. Polyelectrolyte theory of the gene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyelectrolyte_theory_of...

    DNA is such a molecule. No matter what the nucleic acid sequence is, DNA maintains a consistent double helix structure and, therefore, the consistent physical properties that allow it to remain dissolved in water and be replicated by cellular machinery. The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene reasons that DNA can maintain its shape regardless of ...

  7. DNA damage (naturally occurring) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally...

    One such response, specifically in eukaryotic cells, is to delay cell division—the cell becomes arrested for some time in the G2 phase before progressing through the rest of the cell cycle. Various studies have been conducted to elucidate the purpose of this G2 arrest that is induced by DNA damage.

  8. Biomolecular condensate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

    Several different systems have been developed which allow for control of condensate formation and dissolution which rely on chimeric protein expression, and light or small molecule activation. [88] In one system, [ 89 ] proteins are expressed in a cell which contain light-activated oligomerization domains fused to IDRs.

  9. Nucleic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid

    Nucleic acids are chemical compounds that are found in nature. They carry information in cells and make up genetic material. These acids are very common in all living things, where they create, encode, and store information in every living cell of every life-form on Earth. In turn, they send and express that information inside and outside the ...