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Earnings per share (EPS) is the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of common stock for a company during a defined period of time. It is a key measure of corporate profitability, focusing on the interests of the company's owners ( shareholders ), [ 1 ] and is commonly used to price stocks.
Earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by shares outstanding. Book value is another way of saying shareholders' equity. Therefore, book value per share is calculated by dividing equity by shares outstanding. Consequently, the formula for the Graham number can also be written as follows:
However, investors seeking capital growth may prefer a lower payout ratio because capital gains are taxed at a lower rate. High growth firms in early life generally have low or zero payout ratios. As they mature, they tend to return more of the earnings back to investors. The dividend payout ratio is calculated as DPS/EPS.
PVGO = share price − earnings per share ÷ cost of capital. This formula arises by thinking of the value of a company as inhering two components: (i) the present value of existing earnings, i.e. the company continuing as if under a "no-growth policy"; and (ii) the present value of the company's growth opportunities.
Yahoo! Finance uses 5-year expected growth rate and a P/E based on the EPS estimate for the current fiscal year for calculating PEG (PEG for IBM is 1.26 on Aug 9, 2008 [3]). The NASDAQ web-site uses the forecast growth rate (based on the consensus of professional analysts) and forecast earnings over the next 12 months.
Another update brought real-time ticker updates for stocks to the site, as both NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange partnered with Google in June 2008. [2] [3] Google added advertising to its finance page on November 18, 2008. However, since 2008, it has not undergone any major upgrades and the Google Finance Blog was closed in August 2012.
Retention ratio indicates the percentage of a company's earnings that are not paid out in dividends to shareholders but credited to retained earnings.It is the opposite of the dividend payout ratio, and is a key indicator of how much profit a company is keeping to fund its operations, growth, and development.
The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; [1] where: . ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity [1] Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.