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Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease sensation in a specific small area. [5] In nerve blocks , it is injected around a nerve that supplies the area, or into the spinal canal's epidural space . [ 5 ]
A mixture of 1 part 2% lidocaine with 3 parts 0.5% bupivacaine provides 0.5% lidocaine and 0.375% bupivacaine. This has the advantages of immediate anesthesia with lidocaine during injection to minimize injection pain while providing a longer duration of action with a lowered concentration of bupivacaine. [citation needed]
Bupivacaine injection is therefore being investigated as a further possibility of treating strabismus. In some interventions bupivacaine has been used alone. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In others, a botulinum toxin injection into an extraocular muscle is accompanied by a bupivacaine injection into the antagonist muscle.
Levobupivacaine, the S(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine has been developed as an alternative to the racemic mixture, as it has been shown to have a lower cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine. Under European Union advice, it can be applied for minor and major surgical anaesthesia , as well as (post-operative) pain management . [ 7 ]
PO: oral • IV: intravenous injection • IM: intramuscular injection • SC: subcutaneous injection • SL: sublingual • TD: transdermal "Strength" is defined as analgesic potency relative to oral morphine. Tolerance, sensitization, cross-tolerance, metabolism, and hyperalgesia may be complex factors in some individuals.
The needle size, length and type should be selected based on the site, depth and patient's body habitus. 22–24G needles are sufficed for most injections. [1] As an example, ultrasound-guided hip joint injection [16] can be considered when symptoms persist despite initial treatment options such as activity modification, analgesia and physical ...
Levothyroxine is a frequently prescribed drug in the United States, particularly for older people, as lower thyroid function can be associated with aging. Questions remain over how appropriately ...
Prolotherapy involves the injection of an irritant solution into a joint space, [22] weakened ligament, or tendon insertion to relieve pain. [ 7 ] Most commonly, hyperosmolar dextrose (a sugar) is the solution used; [ 23 ] glycerine , [ 20 ] lidocaine (a commonly used local anesthetic ), [ 24 ] phenol , [ 20 ] and sodium morrhuate (a derivative ...