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Spatial inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income and resources across geographical regions. [1] Attributable to local differences in infrastructure, [2] geographical features (presence of mountains, coastlines, particular climates, etc.) and economies of agglomeration, [3] such inequality remains central to public policy discussions regarding economic inequality more broadly.
Traditional political ideology promotes merit-based inequality. Official propaganda emphasizes that economic development requires some people to get rich first, and the resulting inequality is the price this society pays for development. [6] China's traditional political consciousness promotes inequality based on performance.
The early 1950s witnessed a decrease in spatial inequality as the party endeavored to close the gap of income among different regions. For example, the party built most of the industrial plants, under the Soviet help, in inland areas instead of coastal areas, and the former treaty ports were not prioritized in the First five-year plan . [ 101 ]
As poor localities are less able to fund these services and poor households are less able to afford the high private cost of basic education, China has seen an increase in the inequality of education outcomes. "For example, in 1998, per pupil expenditure in Beijing was 12 times that in Guizhou, and the difference jumped to 15 times in 2001." [20]
These reforms may have resulted in the adverse effects of having a widening inequity between the rich and the poor which subsequently may cause social and political instability, discrimination in access to areas such as public health, education, pensions and unequal opportunities for the Chinese people. The inequality in income in China can ...
"Inside the World Bank's new inequality indicator: The number of countries with high inequality". World Bank. {}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ; Global Peace Index Map of Gini data for 2007–2010; Shadow economies all over the world : new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007. Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn, Claudio E ...
This resulted in a stronger correlation between income inequality and income segregation among black families than among white families during this period. For example, studies show in the US between the 1970s and 1980s that income segregation among black families grew more than three times faster than among white families. [2]
For these, Chinese Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping coined the name "special zones" [5] [6] and characterized them as experiments in the mold of the pre-1949 Communist base areas. [7]: 65 The proposal was approved on July 15 and the four special zones were officially established on August 26, 1979. [8]