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On large modern aircraft the stringer system is more common because it is more weight-efficient, despite being more complex to construct and analyze. Some aircraft use a combination of both stringers and longerons. [4] Longerons often carry larger loads than stringers and also help to transfer skin loads to internal structure.
The "former-and-longeron" technique (also called stations and stringers) was adopted from boat construction, [2] and was typical of light aircraft built until the advent of structural skins, such as fiberglass and other composite materials. Many of today's light aircraft, and homebuilt aircraft [3] in particular, are still designed in this way.
The front fuselage was built on four tubular longerons, but from leading edge rearwards it consisted of a set of oval formers with stringers. [1] The greatest novelty of the P.10 was that this part of the fuselage was not only a monocoque structure (still fairly unusual at the time), but a monocoque of steel with a load-bearing plastic skin ...
Aircraft carriers are warships that act as airbases for carrier-based aircraft. In the United States Navy , these ships are designated with hull classification symbols such as CV (Aircraft Carrier), CVA (Attack Aircraft Carrier), CVB (Large Aircraft Carrier), CVL (Light Aircraft Carrier), CVE (Escort Aircraft Carrier), CVS (Antisubmarine ...
The fuselage of the Type IV was built around six spruce longerons with stringers, formers and poplar plywood skinning but no internal cross-bracing producing a semi-monocoque structure. Its engine was a 450 hp (340 kW) Lorraine-Dietrich water-cooled W-12 with a Lamblin radiator mounted transversely under it.
The middle wing was mounted directly above the upper longerons, and there was a gap between the single lower longeron and the lower wing. The wings were connected by four unequally-spaced pairs of interplane struts on either side, the innermost pair on each side being just outboard of the upper longerons and the outer pair connecting only the ...
Beyond the initial D.33 model, further derivatives of the aircraft were produced; there were three major variations to the type, each of which was designed as a separate aircraft. Largely due to the record breaking performance achieved, this line of aircraft were highly regarded and attracted considerable commercial interest throughout the ...
[2] The detailed design of the aircraft and its stress calculations was done by Hanns Klemm. [3] The W.29 retained the company's signature plywood slab-sided fuselage configuration with four main longerons and stringers rising aft of the engine supports to elevate the observer's position and improve his field of fire.