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The Kesh temple hymn, Liturgy to Nintud, or Liturgy to Nintud on the creation of man and woman, is a Sumerian tablet, written on clay tablets as early as 2600 BCE. [1] Along with the Instructions of Shuruppak , it is the oldest surviving literature in the world.
This was translated by George Aaron Barton in 1918 and first published as "Sumerian religious texts" in "Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions", number three, entitled "Hymn to Dungi" (Dungi was later renamed to Shulgi). [1] The tablet is 7 inches (18 cm) by 5.4 inches (14 cm) by 1.6 inches (4.1 cm) at its thickest point. [2]
Ninkasi was the goddess of beer, and as such was associated with its production, consumption and effects - both positive and negative. [8] Jeremy Black described her as "one of (...) minor deities without a strongly defined personality who merely symbolise the object or phenomenon that they are associated with."
In ancient Sumeria, brewing was the only profession that was "watched over by a female deity", namely Ninkasi. [12] A tablet found dating back to 1800 BCE contains the Hymn to Ninkasi which is also basically a recipe for Mesopotamian beer. [13] Sumerian beer was made from bappir, a bread made from twice-baked barley, which was then fermented. [14]
Multiple alternate names are assigned to Damgalnuna in the god list An = Anum (tablet II, lines 173-184), [3] including Ningikuga and Ninti. [22] It has been argued that the latter name is also used to refer to her in the Hymn to Ninkasi, where this goddess is the mother of the eponymous beer deity. [23]
The Zame Hymns are the oldest known collection of Mesopotamian hymns, and have been dated to Early Dynastic IIIa period. [6] More precise dating is not possible. [5]Alongside compositions from Fara discovered in 1902 and 1903, the Zame Hymns have been described by Robert D. Biggs as "testimonies of the first great flowering of Sumerian literature". [7]
The making of beer has been celebrated in verse since the time of Ancient Sumeria, c. 1800 BC, when the "Hymn to Ninkasi" was inscribed on a clay tablet. Ninkasi, tutelary goddess of beer, and daughter of the creator Enki and the "queen of the sacred lake" Ninki, "handles the dough and with a big shovel, mixing in a pit, the bappir with [date ...
The Weidner god list places the beer deities Ninkasi and Siraš between Maungal and Laṣ, the wife of Nergal, who was also a deity associated with the underworld. [35] Similarly, the goddess d KAŠ.DIN.NAM, most likely to be read as Kurunnītu, [36] who is assumed to be a late form of Ninkasi [37] appears in association with Bēlet-balāṭi. [6]