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Carbonate hardness, is a measure of the water hardness caused by the presence of carbonate (CO 2− 3) and bicarbonate (HCO − 3) anions. Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either in degrees KH (from the German "Karbonathärte"), or in parts per million calcium carbonate ( ppm CaCO 3 or grams CaCO 3 per litre|mg/L).
Carbonate hardness is a measure of the concentration of carbonates such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3) per volume of water. As a unit 1 dKH is the same as 1 °dH which is equal to approximately 0.1786 mmol/L or 17.86 milligrams (mg) of calcium carbonate per litre of water, i.e. 17.86 ppm.
Mohs hardness of materials (data page) Vickers hardness test; Brinell scale This page was last edited on ...
A bathtub faucet with built-up calcification from hard water in Southern Arizona. Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, [1] which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.
Increased dissolution of carbonate rock by acidification from acid rain and mining has contributed to increased alkalinity concentrations in some major rivers throughout the eastern U.S. [7] The following reaction shows how acid rain, containing sulfuric acid, can have the effect of increasing river alkalinity by increasing the amount of ...
A recent study by the University of Southern California revealed that exposure to air pollution can harm children's learning and memory, the LA Post reports.. Ammonium nitrate, a specific ...
In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that exchanges chloride (the Cl – ion of the NaCl) for carbonate (CO − 3), bicarbonate (H C O − 3) and sulfate (SO 2− 4). As ...
Go to any sports game—whether it’s a high school game or a pro one—and you’re bound to see athletes on the sidelines drinking Gatorade. It’s likely a staple at your local gym too. A ...
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