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These are common presenting symptoms of chronic and cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure. The development of pulmonary edema may be associated with symptoms and signs of "fluid overload" in the lungs; this is a non-specific term to describe the manifestations of right ventricular failure on the rest of the body.
Chronic bronchitis tends to affect men more often than women. While the primary risk factor for chronic bronchitis is smoking, there is still a 4–22% chance that non-smokers can get chronic bronchitis. This might suggest other risk factors such as the inhalation of fuels, dusts, fumes and genetic factor. [40]
Air trapping, also called gas trapping, is an abnormal retention of air in the lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely. [1] It is observed in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma , bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis .
In asthma, the bronchioles become narrowed, causing the amount of air flow into the lung tissue to be greatly reduced. It can be triggered by irritants in the air, photochemical smog for example, as well as substances to which a person is allergic. Chronic bronchitis occurs when an abundance of mucus is produced by the lungs. The production of ...
Any process that increases the CC by increasing the closing volume (CV) can increase an individual's risk of hypoxemia, as the small airways may collapse during exhalation, leading to air trapping and atelectasis. A mnemonic for factors increasing closing capacity is ACLS-S: Age, Chronic bronchitis, LV failure, Smoking, Surgery.
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are all obstructive lung diseases characterised by airway obstruction.This limits the amount of air that is able to enter alveoli because of constriction of the bronchial tree, due to inflammation.
The air rushes into the lungs through inhalation (inspiration) and is pushed out through exhalation (expiration). [2] During ventilation, the air movement is generated by the air pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs produced by thoracic muscles and diaphragm contraction. Air is pushed in and out of the lungs as air flows from ...
Bronchitis is another common infection that takes place in the lower respiratory tract. It is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. There are two forms of this infection: acute bronchitis, which is treatable and can go away without treatment, or chronic bronchitis, which comes and goes, but will always affect one's lungs.
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