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The term is commonly used for the energy levels of the electrons in atoms, ions, or molecules, which are bound by the electric field of the nucleus, but can also refer to energy levels of nuclei or vibrational or rotational energy levels in molecules. The energy spectrum of a system with such discrete energy levels is said to be quantized.
This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of ħω) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are equally spaced, unlike in the Bohr ...
An exact amount of energy ħω must be supplied to the harmonic oscillator lattice to push it to the next energy level. By analogy to the photon case when the electromagnetic field is quantized, the quantum of vibrational energy is called a phonon. All quantum systems show wavelike and particlelike properties simultaneously.
When a magnetic field is applied to a system of free charged fermions, their energy states are quantized into the so-called Landau levels, given by [7] YBCO superconductor under high magnetic field. As field strength is increased, superconductivity is suppressed and Landau oscillations can be observed
Rotation about each unique axis is associated with a set of quantized energy levels dependent on the moment of inertia about that axis and a quantum number. Thus, for linear molecules the energy levels are described by a single moment of inertia and a single quantum number, J {\displaystyle J} , which defines the magnitude of the rotational ...
This is the case for most low-lying molecular energy states, and corresponds to transitions in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. [1] [2] In addition to the electronic energy levels shared with atoms, molecules have additional quantized energy levels corresponding to vibrational and rotational states ...
Similarly, the energy of an electron bound within an atom is quantized and can exist only in certain discrete values. [2] Atoms and matter in general are stable because electrons can exist only at discrete energy levels within an atom. Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics.
In vibrational spectroscopy, an overtone band is the spectral band that occurs in a vibrational spectrum of a molecule when the molecule makes a transition from the ground state (v=0) to the second excited state (v=2), where v is the vibrational quantum number (a non-negative integer) obtained from solving the Schrödinger equation for the molecule.