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  2. Signal transduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

    The majority of signal transduction pathways involve the binding of signaling molecules, known as ligands, to receptors that trigger events inside the cell. The binding of a signaling molecule with a receptor causes a change in the conformation of the receptor, known as receptor activation .

  3. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    The type II receptors phosphorylate the type I receptors; the type I receptors are then enabled to phosphorylate cytoplasmic R-Smads, which then act as transcriptional regulators. The upstream signaling pathway is triggered by the binding of a signaling molecule, a ligand, to a receiving molecule, a receptor. Receptors and ligands exist in many ...

  4. Cell signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

    There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-coupled receptors: cAMP signal pathway and phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. [30] When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF).

  5. Cell surface receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor

    There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G-protein coupled receptors: the cAMP signaling pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. [17] Both are mediated via G protein activation. The G-protein is a trimeric protein, with three subunits designated as α, β, and γ.

  6. Insulin signal transduction pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_signal...

    The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response that causes other subsequent responses, hence creating a chain reaction, or cascade. During the course of signaling, the cell uses each response for accomplishing some kind of a purpose along the way.

  7. 5-HT2A receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor

    The 5-HT 2A receptor is known primarily to couple to the Gα q signal transduction pathway. Upon receptor stimulation with agonist, Gα q and β-γ subunits dissociate to initiate downstream effector pathways.

  8. B-cell receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_receptor

    The general structure of the B cell receptor includes a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction region. Disulfide bridges connect the immunoglobulin isotype and the signal transduction region. The B-cell receptor is composed of two parts: A membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule of one isotype (IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG, or IgE).

  9. Akt/PKB signaling pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway

    The Akt signaling pathway or PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is a signal transduction pathway that promotes survival and growth in response to extracellular signals. Key proteins involved are PI3K ( phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ) and Akt ( protein kinase B ).

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