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The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia (Indonesian: Demokrasi Liberal), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system. During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw ...
Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, [1] or substantive democracy [2] is a form of government that combines the organization of a democracy with ideas of ...
The Sardinian Prime Minister, Camillo di Cavour, was a shrewd liberal who understood that the only effective way for the Italians to gain independence was if the French were on their side. [193] Napoleon III agreed to Cavour's request for assistance and France defeated Austria in the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, setting the stage for Italian ...
Siapa Menabur Angin akan Menuai Badai : G30S - PKI dan Peran Bung Kamo [Whoever sows the wind will reap the storm: G30S-PKI and the role of Bung Karno] (in Indonesian). Soegiarso Soerojo. Sulistyanto, Ali (ed.). Marhaenisme Sukarno [Sukarno's Marhaenism] (in Indonesian). Promedia.
On 14 March 1957, the Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet collapsed as a result of pressure from regional rebellions, splits between the parties comprising it and attacks on the political system, which led to the resignations of members.
Sukarno explicitly asserted that Nasakom was the embodiment of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) in political practice. In his Independence Day speech on 17 August 1961, Sukarno proclaimed: [21] "Whoever agrees to Pancasila, must agree to Nasakom; Who does not agree to Nasakom, actually does not agree to the Pancasila!
In 1978, Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution (Tap MPR No. 2/1978) on the Pancasila Appreciation and Practicing Guide (Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila or P4) and later began a mandatory program to indoctrinate all Indonesians—from primary school students to office workers—for the application of the P4 and in living the ...
The growth of the economy was coincided by rapid expansion in corruption, collusion, and nepotism (Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme / KKN). In the early 1980s, Suharto's children, particularly Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut"), Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy"), and Bambang Trihatmodjo, grew increasingly venal and corrupt. Their companies were given ...