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The fungal ancestors of stem rust have infected grasses for millions of years and wheat crops for as long as they have been grown. [7] According to Jim Peterson, professor of wheat breeding and genetics at Oregon State University, "Stem rust destroyed more than 20% of U.S. wheat crops several times between 1917 and 1935, and losses reached 9% twice in the 1950s," with the last U.S. outbreak in ...
Ug99 is a lineage of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), which is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide. [1]
Puccinia graminis is a macrocyclic heteroecious fungus that causes wheat stem rust disease. [citation needed] The sexual stage in this fungus occurs on the alternate host – barberry – and not wheat. The durable spore type produced on the alternate host allows the disease to persist in wheat even in more inhospitable environments.
The M115 was a 500-pound (227 kg) bomb that was converted from a leaflet bomb and to be used to deliver wheat stem rust. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Wheat stem rust culture consisted of a dry particulate matter which was adhered to a light-weight vector , usually feathers.
Wheat rusts include three types of Pucciniae: P. triticina , wheat leaf rust , leaf rust, wheat brown rust, or brown rust P. graminis , stem rust , wheat stem rust, barley stem rust, or black rust
Wheat stem rust is an example. By convention, the stages and spore states are numbered by Roman numerals . Typically, basidiospores infect host one, also known as the alternate or sexual host, and the mycelium forms pycnidia , which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded in the host tissue (such as a leaf).
The Puccinia species causing wheat leaf rust has been called by at least six different names since 1882, when G. Winter (1882) described the Puccinia rubigo-vera. [5] During this time, wheat leaf rust was interpreted as a specialized form of P. rubigo-vera. Later, Eriksson and Henning (1894) classified the fungi as P. dispersa f.sp. tritici.
The current wheat stem rust, leaf rust, and yellow stripe rust epidemics spreading from East Africa into the Indian subcontinent are caused by rust fungi Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis. Other epidemics include chestnut blight, as well as recurrent severe plant diseases such as rice blast, soybean cyst nematode, and citrus canker. [1] [2]