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In 1923, in the early reign of Mussolini's government (1922–1943), the anti-fascist academic Giovanni Amendola was the first Italian public intellectual to define and describe Totalitarianism as a régime of government wherein the supreme leader personally exercises total power (political, military, economic, social) as Il Duce of The
The plan to pass a Volksstrafgesetzbuch (people's code of criminal justice) arose soon after 1933 but didn't come into reality until the end of World War II. As a new type of court, the Volksgerichtshof (people's court) was established in 1934, only dealing with cases of political importance.
Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. [44] [45] A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.
A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". [12] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be ...
The shadow government, also referred to as cryptocracy, secret government, or invisible government, is a family of theories based on the notion that real and actual political power resides not only with publicly elected representatives but with private individuals who are exercising power behind the scenes, beyond the scrutiny of democratic institutions.
In the late 1980s, the committees of people's control were an invaluable instrument in Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts at reform and perestroika. [1] The committees of people's control extended throughout the Soviet Union. In 1989, of the more than 10 million citizens who served on these organs, 95 percent were volunteers.
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Social control is considered one of the foundations of social order. [4] Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control. Informal means of control refer to the internalization of norms and values through socialization. [5] Formal means comprise external sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in