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  2. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument [1] [2] that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the Western intellectual tradition by the Aristotelian De Sophisticis Elenchis. [3]

  3. Attacking Faulty Reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_Faulty_Reasoning

    Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments [1] is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many years in a number of college courses on logic, critical thinking, argumentation, and philosophy. It explains 60 of the most commonly committed fallacies.

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    The tendency to rely on existing numerical data when reasoning in an unfamiliar context, even if calculation or numerical manipulation is required. [124] [125] Weber–Fechner law: Difficulty in comparing small differences in large quantities. Women are wonderful effect: A tendency to associate more positive attributes with women than with men.

  5. Questionable cause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionable_cause

    For example: "Every time I score an A on the test its a sunny day. Therefore the sunny day causes me to score well on the test." Here is the example the two events may coincide or correlate, but have no causal connection. [2] Fallacies of questionable cause include: Circular cause and consequence [citation needed]

  6. Formal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy

    In logic and philosophy, a formal fallacy [a] is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic. [2] It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premises, but still have a false ...

  7. Straw man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man

    This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position. For example: Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's intentions (see fallacy of quoting out of context ).

  8. Argumentation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory

    Such studies bring argumentation within the ambit of persuasion theory and practice. Some psychologists such as William J. McGuire believe that the syllogism is the basic unit of human reasoning. They have produced a large body of empirical work around McGuire's famous title "A Syllogistic Analysis of Cognitive Relationships".

  9. Begging the question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question

    Closely connected with begging the question is the fallacy of circular reasoning (circulus in probando), a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with the conclusion. [22] The individual components of a circular argument can be logically valid because if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, and does not lack relevance.