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Interferon can also be produced by recombinant mammalian cells. [85] Before the early 1970s, large scale production of human interferon had been pioneered by Kari Cantell. He produced large amounts of human alpha interferon from large quantities of human white blood cells collected by the Finnish Blood Bank. [86]
Interferon-alpha, an interferon type I, was identified in 1957 as a protein that interfered with viral replication. [5] The activity of interferon-gamma (the sole member of the interferon type II class) was described in 1965; this was the first identified lymphocyte-derived mediator. [6]
The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16 ...
Interferons are a type of protein called a cytokine, which is produced in response to infection. [9] When released, they signal to infected cells and other nearby cells that a pathogen is present. [9] This signal is passed from one cell to another by binding of the interferon to a cell surface receptor on a naïve cell. [10]
Upon infection, STING from infected cells can sense the presence of nucleic acids from intracellular pathogens, and then induce interferon β and more than 10 forms of interferon α production. Type I interferon produced by infected cells can find and bind to Interferon-alpha/beta receptor of nearby cells to protect cells from local infection.
IFN is secreted through secretory vesicles, where it can activate receptors on both the cell it was released from or nearby cells (paracrine). This induces hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes to be expressed.
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Interleukin 6 (IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions. [20] It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells, as well as inducing myeloma/plasmacytoma growth, nerve cell ...