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It assumes that niche space is largely saturated with individuals and species, leading to strong competition. Niches are restricted because "neighbouring" species, i.e., species with similar ecological characteristics such as similar habitats or food preferences, prevent expansion into other niches or even narrow niches down.
However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence the maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing climate change, invasive species, and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources.
Milford Sound, New Zealand is a strict marine reserve (Category Ia).. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as: [12] [13]. A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.
A strict nature reserve (IUCN category Ia) or wilderness area (IUCN category Ib) is the highest category of protected area recognised by the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), a body which is part of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). These category I areas are the most stringently protected natural landscapes.
French Southern Territories National Nature Reserve France: French Southern and Antarctic Lands: 1,600,000 2016 [5] 3 Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area: Antarctica: Ross Sea: 1,550,000 2016 [6] [7] 4 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument United States: Hawaii and Midway Atoll: 1,508,846 2006 [8] 5 Natural Park of the Coral Sea France ...
Bee Lick Creek in the Jefferson Memorial Forest, a National Audubon Society wildlife refuge. A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed ...
For example, William Cronon writes that what he calls a wilderness ethic or cult may "teach us to be dismissive or even contemptuous of such humble places and experiences", and that "wilderness tends to privilege some parts of nature at the expense of others", using as an example "the mighty canyon more inspiring than the humble marsh."
Some of these are little more than picnic areas or playgrounds; however, others are extensive nature reserves. South Mountain Park in Phoenix, Arizona , for example, is called the largest city park in the United States; it spans 25 sq mi (65 km 2 ) and contains 58 mi (93 km) of trails.