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The Knorr pyrrole synthesis involves the reaction of an α-amino ketone or an α-amino-β-ketoester with an activated methylene compound. [15] [16] [17] The method involves the reaction of an α-amino ketone (1) and a compound containing a methylene group α to (bonded to the next carbon to) a carbonyl group (2). [18] The Knorr pyrrole synthesis
The Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis, named for Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch, is the chemical reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or primary amines) and α-haloketones (2) to give substituted pyrroles (3).
The Knorr pyrrole synthesis is a widely used chemical reaction that synthesizes substituted pyrroles (3). [1] [2] [3] The method involves the reaction of an α-amino-ketone (1) and a compound containing an electron-withdrawing group (e.g. an ester as shown) α to a carbonyl group (2). [4] The Knorr pyrrole synthesis
The pyrrole synthesis requires a primary amine under similar conditions, or ammonia (or ammonia precursors) can be used. Synthesis of a thiophene requires a sulfurizing agent which is typically a sufficient dehydrator, such as phosphorus pentasulfide , Lawesson's reagent , or hydrogen sulfide .
2-mesityl-3-methylpyrrole was synthesized in 2004 via the Trofimov reaction. The reaction of the ketoxime with acetylene yielded a mixture of products with the primary one being the N-H pyrrole. Small amounts of the N-vinyl product were also observed as well as O-vinylketoxime. The N-vinyl product was then used in the synthesis of a new BODIPY. [5]
He performed the porphin synthesis at a temperature of 90-95 °C and high pressure in sealed pyrex glass tubes, by reacting pyrrole, 2 % formaldehyde and pyridine in methanol for 30 hours. [7] A simplified version of Rothemund porphyrin synthesis was described by Alan D. Adler and Frederick R. Longo in 1966.
Different methods can be used to synthesize PPy, but the most common are electrochemical synthesis and chemical oxidation. [6] [3] [7] Chemical oxidation of pyrrole: n C 4 H 4 NH + 2n FeCl 3 → (C 4 H 2 NH) n + 2n FeCl 2 + 2n HCl. The process is thought to occur via the formation of the pi-radical cation C 4 H 4 NH +.
The Barton–Zard reaction is a route to pyrrole derivatives via the reaction of a nitroalkene with an α-isocyanide under basic conditions. [1] It is named after Derek Barton and Samir Zard who first reported it in 1985.