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This was alarming given the history of the invasion of the Gauls in 390 BC and the "Hannibalic war"; so much so that Italy and Rome itself felt seriously threatened. [70] In 105 BC the Romans suffered one of their worst defeats in the battle of Arausio , near Orange in Transalpine Gaul; it was a tremendous defeat, almost equal to that of the ...
The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history, with contiguous territories throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. [56] The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ("empire without end" [ 57 ] ) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire.
The Pax Romana (Latin for ' Roman peace ') is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion. This is despite several revolts and wars, and continuing competition with Parthia.
It helps to explain why so many capitals in Europe and America are replete with monuments inspired by imperial Rome. Yet the shadow these buildings cast in the 21 st century is not merely a Roman ...
The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced many modern legal systems. Roman history can be divided into the following periods:
The Latin settlement of Rome also was a city-state, founded in the 753 BC. Rome eventually created many colonies and municipi on earlier Etruscan, Umbrian, or Celtic settlements throughout Italy. The network of Roman cities in Italy survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire and provided the basis for the re-emergence of city-states in the ...
The Council proclaimed: "Rome is at the head of the world", [9] reinforcing the developing theocratic doctrine that subordinated secular affairs to spiritual authority. [ 10 ] In Italy, Arnold of Brescia defended the idea of total poverty and wanted to force the Pope to renounce all his temporal powers.
The barbarian invasions of the third century (212–305) constituted an uninterrupted period of raids within the borders of the Roman Empire, conducted for purposes of plunder and booty [1] by armed peoples belonging to populations gravitating along the northern frontiers: Picts, Caledonians, and Saxons in Britain; the Germanic tribes of Frisii, Saxons, Franks, Alemanni, Burgundians ...