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Cytokinesis illustration Ciliate undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible. Cytokinesis (/ ˌ s aɪ t oʊ k ɪ ˈ n iː s ɪ s /) is the part of the cell division process and part of mitosis during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
The G1/S transition is a stage in the cell cycle at the boundary between the G1 phase, in which the cell grows, and the S phase, during which DNA is replicated. [1] It is governed by cell cycle checkpoints to ensure cell cycle integrity and the subsequent S phase can pause in response to improperly or partially replicated DNA. [2]
During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs. The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. [ 1 ]
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
In animals the cytokinesis ends with formation of a contractile ring and thereafter a cleavage. But in plants it happen differently. At first a cell plate is formed and then a cell wall develops between the two daughter cells. [36] In Fission yeast the cytokinesis happens in G1 phase. [37]
In molecular biology, an actomyosin ring or contractile ring, is a prominent structure during cytokinesis. [1] It forms perpendicular to the axis of the spindle apparatus [ 2 ] towards the end of telophase , in which sister chromatids are identically separated at the opposite sides of the spindle forming nuclei (Figure 1).
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four main stages: G 1, during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; S phase, during which DNA replication takes place; G 2, during which cell growth continues and the cell synthesizes various proteins in preparation for division; and the M phase, during which the duplicated ...
FtsZ acts as an organizer protein and is required for cell division. It is the first component of the septum during cytokinesis, and it recruits all other known cell division proteins to the division site. [9] Despite this functional similarity to actin, FtsZ is homologous to eukaryal tubulin.