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In computing, CHKDSK (short for "check disk") is a system tool and command in DOS and Microsoft Windows (and related operating systems), as well as Digital Research FlexOS, [1] IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS, [2] IBM OS/2. [3] It verifies the integrity of the file system on a volume (usually a partition) and attempts to fix logical file system errors.
A boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium from which a computer can load and run an operating system or utility program. [1] The computer must have a built-in program which will load and execute a program from a boot disk meeting certain standards.
The boot partition (or boot volume) [5] is the disk partition that contains the operating system folder, known as the system root or %systemroot% in Windows NT. [6]: 174 Before Windows 7, the system and boot partitions were, by default, the same and were given the "C:" drive letter.
When GRUB is installed on a hard disk, boot.img is written into the boot sector of that hard disk. boot.img has a size of only 446 bytes. A boot sector is the sector of a persistent data storage device (e.g., hard disk , floppy disk , optical disc , etc.) which contains machine code to be loaded into random-access memory (RAM) and then executed ...
Once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded, the kernel starts the session manager (smss.exe), which begins the login process. After the user has successfully logged into the machine, winlogon applies User and Computer Group Policy setting and runs startup programs declared in the Windows Registry and in "Startup" folders.
A bootable MBR device is defined as one that can be read from, and where the last two bytes of the first sector contain the little-endian word AA55h, [nb 6] found as byte sequence 55h, AAh on disk (also known as the MBR boot signature), or where it is otherwise established that the code inside the sector is executable on x86 PCs.
The boot code in the VBR can assume that the BIOS has set up its data structures and interrupts and initialized the hardware. The code should not assume more than 32 KB of memory to be present for fail-safe operation; [1] if it needs more memory it should query INT 12h for it, since other pre-boot code (such as f.e. BIOS extension overlays, encryption systems, or remote bootstrap loaders) may ...
If the sector is read successfully, some BIOSes will also check for the boot sector signature 0x55 0xAA in the last two bytes of the sector (which is 512 bytes long), before accepting a boot sector and considering the device bootable. [b] When a bootable device is found, the BIOS transfers control to the loaded sector.