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The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+ 1e) or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e.
Charge transfer coefficient, and symmetry factor (symbols α and β, respectively) are two related parameters used in description of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. They appear in the Butler–Volmer equation and related expressions.
Considering the charge to be invariant of observer, the electric and magnetic fields of a uniformly moving point charge can hence be derived by the Lorentz transformation of the four force on the test charge in the charge's frame of reference given by Coulomb's law and attributing magnetic and electric fields by their definitions given by the ...
The equivalent voltage V th is the voltage obtained at terminals A–B of the network with terminals A–B open circuited. The equivalent resistance R th is the resistance that the circuit between terminals A and B would have if all ideal voltage sources in the circuit were replaced by a short circuit and all ideal current sources were replaced ...
Figure 4. These circuits are equivalent: (A) A resistor at nonzero temperature with internal thermal noise; (B) Its Thévenin equivalent circuit: a noiseless resistor in series with a noise voltage source; (C) Its Norton equivalent circuit: a noiseless resistance in parallel with a noise current source.
The mass-to-charge ratio (m/Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C). It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles , e.g. in electron optics and ion optics .
The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). [1] [2] [3] For example, if a 1 m 3 solid cube of material has sheet contacts on two opposite faces, and the resistance between these contacts is 1 Ω, then the resistivity of the material is 1 Ω⋅m.
The electrical resistance of a uniform conductor is given in terms of resistivity by: [40] = where ℓ is the length of the conductor in SI units of meters, a is the cross-sectional area (for a round wire a = πr 2 if r is radius) in units of meters squared, and ρ is the resistivity in units of ohm·meters.