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In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" [1] or “the position that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge”, [2] often in contrast to other possible sources of knowledge such as faith, tradition, or sensory experience.
In philosophy and in its current sense, rationalism is a line of thought that appeals to reason or the intellect as a primary or fundamental source of knowledge or justification". [1] It is typically contrasted with empiricism , which appeals to sensory experience as a primary or fundamental source of knowledge or justification. [ 2 ]
Kant tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. [29] Kant's work continued to shape German thought and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. [30]
The rise of early modern rationalism—as a systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history—exerted an influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (Cartesianism) and Spinoza .
Logic and rationality have each been taken as fundamental concepts in philosophy. They are not the same thing. Philosophical rationalism in its most extreme form is the doctrine that knowledge can ultimately be founded on pure reason, while logicism is the doctrine that mathematical concepts, among others, are reducible to pure logic.
The topic of rationality is relevant to a variety of disciplines. It plays a central role in philosophy, psychology, Bayesianism, decision theory, and game theory. [7] But it is also covered in other disciplines, such as artificial intelligence, behavioral economics, microeconomics, and neuroscience. Some forms of research restrict themselves ...
Critical rationalism is an epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper on the basis that, if a statement cannot be logically deduced (from what is known), it might nevertheless be possible to logically falsify it.
Functionalist in philosophy of mind. Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989). Influential American philosopher; Albert Camus (1913–1960). Absurdist. Paul Ricœur (1913–2005). French philosopher and theologian. Roland Barthes (1915–1980). French semiotician and literary theorist. Donald Davidson (1917–2003). Coherentist philosophy of mind. Louis ...
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