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Cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences (variance) occur, rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry. [2] [4] While cross-cultural psychology represented only a minor area of psychology prior to WWII, it began to grow in importance during the 1960s.
Eleanor Rosch (once known as Eleanor Rosch Heider; [1] born 9 July 1938 [2]) [3] is an American psychologist.She is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, [4] specializing in cognitive psychology and primarily known for her work on categorization, in particular her prototype theory, which has profoundly influenced the field of cognitive psychology.
Harry Charalambos Triandis (16 October 1926 – 1 June 2019) was Professor Emeritus at the Department of Psychology of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. [1] He was considered a pioneer of cross-cultural psychology and his research focused on the cognitive aspects of attitudes, norms, roles and values in different cultures. [2]
Völkerpsychologie is a method of psychology that was founded in the nineteenth century by the famous psychologist, [1] Wilhelm Wundt. However, the term was first coined by post-Hegelian social philosophers Heymann Steinthal and Moritz Lazarus. [2] Wundt is widely known for his work with experimental psychology.
Malinowski, in what is considered an important contribution to cross-cultural psychology, challenged the claim, to universality, of Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex. [42] Malinowski initiated a cross-cultural approach in Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927), demonstrating that specific psychological complexes are not universal.
Hofstede was a researcher in the fields of organizational studies and more concretely organizational culture, also cultural economics and management. [5] He was a well-known pioneer in his research of cross-cultural groups and organizations and played a major role in developing a systematic framework for assessing and differentiating national cultures and organizational cultures.
George Herbert Mead - American philosopher , sociologist, and psychologist; a founder of social psychology; founder of symbolic interactionism; Stanley Milgram - performed famous experiment that demonstrated people's excessive willingness to obey authority figures; Walter Mischel - among the first to promote a situationist view of personality
Both cultural and cross-cultural psychology constitute important elements of global psychology. Cross-cultural psychology emerged during the 1960s-1970s as a separate field of study with a definite identity; it is thus older than the more general field of international psychology, which is only now emerging as a distinct discipline.