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Cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences (variance) occur, rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry. [2] [4] While cross-cultural psychology represented only a minor area of psychology prior to WWII, it began to grow in importance during the 1960s.
John Widdup Berry is a psychologist known for his work in two areas: ecological and cultural influences on behavior; and the adaptation of immigrants and indigenous peoples following intercultural contact. [2] The first is broadly in the domain of cross-cultural psychology; [2] the second is in the domain of intercultural psychology. [3]
Hofstede was a researcher in the fields of organizational studies and more concretely organizational culture, also cultural economics and management. [5] He was a well-known pioneer in his research of cross-cultural groups and organizations and played a major role in developing a systematic framework for assessing and differentiating national cultures and organizational cultures.
He was Professor Emeritus at the Psychology Department of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign [5] until his death in 2019. Triandis's early contributions to the field of cross-cultural psychology involved the development of several culture-sensitive measurements.
The major influences on cultural-historical psychology were the mechanist neurophysiology of Ivan Pavlov and Vladimir Bekhterev (during the so-called "instrumental period" of the 1920s), [26] philosophy of language and culture of Wilhelm von Humboldt and his followers, [27] socio-economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and ...
Both cultural and cross-cultural psychology constitute important elements of global psychology. Cross-cultural psychology emerged during the 1960s-1970s as a separate field of study with a definite identity; it is thus older than the more general field of international psychology, which is only now emerging as a distinct discipline.
This approach fused "cultural", "historical", and "instrumental" psychology and is most commonly referred to presently as cultural-historical psychology. It emphasizes the mediatory role of culture, particularly language, in the development of higher psychological functions in ontogeny and phylogeny.
He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century in 2002 by the Review of General Psychology. [3] His empirical and theoretical work helped to restart the study of emotion and non-verbal communication in the field of psychology, and introduced new quantitative frameworks which researchers could use to do so.