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The Targowica Confederation (Polish: konfederacja targowicka, IPA: [kɔnfɛdɛˈrat͡sja tarɡɔˈvit͡ska], Lithuanian: Targovicos konfederacija) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Petersburg, with the backing of the Russian Empress Catherine II. [1]
The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, [3] and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution [a] [4]) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.
The nobility's Targowica Confederation appealed to the Empress for help and in May 1792 the Russian army entered the territory of the Commonwealth. The defensive war fought by the forces of the Commonwealth ended when the King , convinced of the futility of resistance, capitulated by joining the Targowica Confederation.
War of the Bar Confederation (list of battles) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Habsburg monarchy [c] Defeat First Partition of Poland (1772) 1792 Polish–Russian War of 1792 (list of battles) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Russian Empire Targowica Confederation: Defeat Constitution of 3 May 1791
The May 3rd Constitution was overthrown in mid-1792, by the Targowica Confederation of Polish magnates backed by Russian Empire and eventually joined, under extreme duress, by King Stanisław II August. [8] The ensuing Russian military intervention led (to the Confederates' surprise) to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. [8]
To that end these magnates formed the Targowica Confederation. [19] The Confederation's proclamation, prepared in St. Petersburg in January 1792, criticized the constitution for contributing to, in their own words, "contagion of democratic ideas" following "the fatal examples set in Paris".
On 24 July 1792, Poniatowski joined the Targowica Confederation. [61] The Polish Army disintegrated. Many reform leaders, believing their cause lost, went into self-exile, although they hoped that Poniatowski would be able to negotiate an acceptable compromise with the Russians, as he had done in the past. [64]
The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792, and was approved by its territorial beneficiaries, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.