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Ocean mixed layer carbon, c m, is the only explicitly modelled ocean stock of carbon; though to estimate carbon cycle feedbacks the total ocean carbon is also calculated. [ 107 ] Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures and acidity , thus modifying marine ecosystems. [ 108 ]
Atmospheric carbon is exchanged quickly between the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere. This means that at times the atmosphere acts as a sink, and at other times as a source of carbon. [2] The following section introduces exchanges between the atmospheric and other components of the global carbon cycle.
In Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is a trace gas that plays an integral part in the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, photosynthesis and oceanic carbon cycle. It is one of three main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of Earth. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere reached 427 ppm (0.04%) in 2024. [1]
Cumulative CO 2 emissions by world region, 2022. [3] This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions [n 1] due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
The Oceanic carbon cycle is a central process to the global carbon cycle and contains both inorganic carbon (carbon not associated with a living thing, such as carbon dioxide) and organic carbon (carbon that is, or has been, incorporated into a living thing). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between non-living and living matter.
The remaining carbon budget for staying beneath certain temperature increases is determined by modelling the carbon cycle and climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases. [93] According to UNEP, global warming can be kept below 1.5 °C with a 50% chance if emissions after 2023 do not exceed 200 gigatonnes of CO 2. This corresponds to around 4 years ...
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The orange arrows highlight loci of carbon (CO2) exchange and transfer, such as via photosynthesis and respiration, including examples of human influences on carbon cycle processes. A hypothetical national boundary and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are indicated as yellow dashed lines