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  2. Hormone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

    Upon secretion, water-soluble hormones are readily transported through the circulatory system. Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form ligand-protein complexes. Some hormones, such as insulin and growth hormones, can be released into the bloodstream already fully active.

  3. Lipid signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signaling

    Common lipid signaling molecules: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) platelet activating factor (PAF) anandamide or arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA). Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these ...

  4. Cell signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

    They usually bind to lipid soluble ligands that diffuse passively through the plasma membrane such as steroid hormones. These ligands bind to specific cytoplasmic transporters that shuttle the hormone-transporter complex inside the nucleus where specific genes are activated and the synthesis of specific proteins is promoted.

  5. Prostaglandin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin

    Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) — the most abundant prostaglandin [10] — is generated from the action of prostaglandin E synthases on prostaglandin H 2 (prostaglandin H2, PGH 2). Several prostaglandin E synthases have been identified. To date, microsomal (named as misoprostol) prostaglandin E synthase-1 emerges as a key enzyme in the formation of ...

  6. Peptide hormone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone

    Most hormones can be classified as either amino-acid-based hormones (amine, peptide, or protein) or steroid hormones. The former are water-soluble and act on the surface of target cells via second messengers; the latter, being lipid-soluble, move through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) to act within their nuclei.

  7. Lipid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid

    Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.

  8. Phospholipase C - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C

    Thus PLC has a profound impact on the depletion of PIP 2, which acts as a membrane anchor or allosteric regulator and an agonist for many lipid-gated ion channels. [21] [22] PIP 2 also acts as the substrate for synthesis of the rarer lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP 3), which is responsible for signaling in multiple reactions ...

  9. Steroid hormone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone

    The first identified mechanisms of steroid hormone action were the genomic effects. [12] In this pathway, the free hormones first pass through the cell membrane because they are fat soluble. [7] In the cytoplasm, the steroid may or may not undergo an enzyme-mediated alteration such as reduction, hydroxylation, or aromatization.