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The difference model has roots in the studies of John Gumperz, who examined differences in cross-cultural communication.While the difference model deals with cross-gender communication, the male and female genders are often presented as being two separate cultures, hence the relevance of Gumperz's studies.
The second major argument in support of social influences on emotion expression involves the idea that a society's gender roles reinforce gender differences. Social constructionism states that children grow up in the context of gender roles that naturally place them in role-specific situations, influencing their emotion expression in that context.
[citation needed] According to Tannen, women engage in "rapport-talk" — a communication style meant to promote social affiliation and emotional connection, while men engage in "report-talk" — a style focused on exchanging information with little emotional import. The differences in metamessages, Tannen claims, result in misunderstandings ...
Gender does not create communication, communication creates gender. [114] For example, females are often more expressive and intuitive in their communication, but males tend to be instrumental and competitive. In addition, there are differences in accepted communication behaviors for males and females.
Communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. One explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced.
Difference models emphasize the role of gender and racial differences in the process of communication. Some posit, for example, that men and women have different communication styles and aim to achieve different goals through communication. [68] [69]
Technologies, including communications technologies, have a long history of shaping and being shaped by the gender of their users. Although technologies used to perform housework have an apparent historical connection to gender in many cultures, [2] a more ready connection to SNSs may be drawn with telephones as a communications technology readily and widely available in the home.
Complimentary language is a speech act that caters to positive face needs. Positive face, according to Brown and Levinson, is "the positive consistent self-image or 'personality' (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactions". [1]