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As described in the explanation of the First Degree Tracing Board, in Emulation and other Masonic rituals the rough ashlar is a stone as taken directly from the quarry, and allegorically represents the Freemason prior to his initiation; a smooth ashlar (or "perfect ashlar") is a stone that has been smoothed and dressed by the experienced ...
Rubble masonry or rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or ashlar . Some medieval cathedral walls have outer shells of ashlar with an inner backfill of mortarless rubble and dirt.
Flushwork, and flint architecture in general, is usually found in areas with no good local building stone. [1] Although the labour cost of creating flushwork was high, it was still cheaper than importing the large quantity of stone necessary to build or face the entire structure.
The term is antonymous to "ashlar". Dry stone. Stone walls built without mortar, using the shape of the stones, compression, and friction for stability. [4] This technique encompasses cyclopean masonry and other mortar-less methods, but is conventionally used to describe agricultural walls used to mark boundaries, contain livestock, and retain ...
The viaduct is 330 yards (300 m) long and 83–85 feet (25–26 m) above the bed of the River Don. The outside of the viaduct consisted of rough ashlar blocks which were 12 inches (300 mm) thick. [7] It also has 29 arches and curved with a radius of 40 chains (2,600 ft; 800 m), with the inside of the curve facing away from the town. [8]
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Stone carver carving stone, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York, 1909. The Kilmartin Stones in Scotland - a collection of ancient stone carved graveslabs Khazneh structure carved into a cliff in Petra southern Jordan. Stone carving is an activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by