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In most countries in the Middle East, the Bedouin have no land rights, only users' privileges, [127] and it is especially true for Egypt. Since the mid-1980s, the Bedouins who held desirable coastal property have lost control of much of their land as it was sold by the Egyptian government to hotel operators.
Most of the Bedouin land fell under the Ottoman class of 'non-workable' (mawat) land and thus belonged to the state under Ottoman law. Israel confiscated most of the Negev lands, using The Land Rights Settlement Ordinance passed in 1969. [15] [62] Israel's policies regarding the Negev Bedouin at first included regulation and relocation.
He says the family later bought the land from Bedouin tribes that controlled the area. [3] After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel began to displace the Bedouin of the Negev. By 1953, 90% of the roughly 100,000 Bedouin in the northern Negev were expelled. According to Eyal Weizman, the refugees moved to Gaza and the West Bank. The Bedouin ...
The Bedouins of the Negev historically survived chiefly on sheep and goat husbandry. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly. The Bedouin in years past established few permanent settlements, although some were built, leaving behind remnants of stone houses called 'baika.' [32]
Land ownership was governed by a set of Bedouin laws, which were enforced both at the community and individual levels by the tribes collectively: [87] [88] Invading tribes from outside could be allowed to stay in the tribal territory. If they entered without such permission, they would be expelled by a coalition of the native tribes.
According to the Israel Land Administration, Negev Bedouin claim area 12 times bigger than that of Tel Aviv. [10]According to Arnon Sofer, the Bedouin make up about 2% of the Israeli population, but the unrecognized Bedouin communities spread on a vast territory and occupy more than 10 percent of Israel – north and east to Be'er Sheva.
Palestinian Bedouins have clear notions of land ownership, [9] [10] and have historically entertained semi-pastoral and agricultural lifestyles. Traditional Orientalist scholarship portrayed them as landless desert nomads socially and culturally distinct from the rest of the Palestinian population.
Approximately half the 170,000 Negev Bedouin live in 39 unrecognised villages without connection to the national electricity, water and telephone grids. The bedouin consist of 25% of the population of the Northern Negev and have jurisdiction over less than 2% of the land. Seven of the bedouin townships are amongst the 8 poorest localities in ...