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EEPROMs can be programmed and erased in-circuit, by applying special programming signals. Originally, EEPROMs were limited to single-byte operations, which made them slower, but modern EEPROMs allow multi-byte page operations. An EEPROM has a limited life for erasing and reprogramming, reaching a million operations in modern EEPROMs.
Some microcontrollers, from before the era of EEPROMs and flash memory, use an on-chip EPROM to store their program. Such microcontrollers include some versions of the Intel 8048, the Freescale 68HC11, and the "C" versions of the PIC microcontroller. Like EPROM chips, such microcontrollers came in windowed (expensive) versions that were used ...
EEPROMs, however, are still used in applications that require only small amounts of storage, e.g. in SPD implementations on computer memory modules. [5] [6]
EEPROMs, AT26 series chips, or MMC/SD cards permit use of second sources for parts. For cards used in field upgrades, DataFlash cards permit simple software support and compatibility with on-board flash chips; MMC/SD costs less.
Flashrom is a software utility published under an open source license that can detect, read, verify, erase, or write EEPROMs using interfaces such as the Low Pin Count (LPC), FWH, parallel, and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). It can be used to flash firmware images such as BIOS or coreboot, or to backup existing firmware.
The data transfer part of the protocol can cause trouble on the SMBus, since the data bytes are not preceded by a count, and more than 32 bytes can be transferred at once. I 2 C EEPROMs smaller than 32 kbit, like the 2 kbit 24C02, are often used on the SMBus with inefficient single-byte data transfers to overcome this problem.
Microscopic view of tin used to solder electronic components, showing a whisker. Metal whiskering is a crystalline metallurgical phenomenon involving the spontaneous growth of tiny, filiform hairs from a metallic surface.
EEPROMs are embedded into many microcontrollers for such as Key-less entry of the car, and smart cards (with contact or contact-less IC-cards, including credit and SIM). In this meaning, this article needs improvements.