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Memory bandwidth is the rate at which data can be read from or stored into a semiconductor memory by a processor. Memory bandwidth is usually expressed in units of bytes/second , though this can vary for systems with natural data sizes that are not a multiple of the commonly used 8-bit bytes.
Memory clock then determines the final operating frequency or effective clock speed of memory system depending upon DRAM types (DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM). By default, FSB speed and memory are usually set to a 1:1 ratio, meaning that increasing FSB speed (by overclocking) increases memory speed by the same amount. Normally system memory is not ...
For example, DDR3-2000 memory has a 1000 MHz clock frequency, which yields a 1 ns clock cycle. With this 1 ns clock, a CAS latency of 7 gives an absolute CAS latency of 7 ns. Faster DDR3-2666 memory (with a 1333 MHz clock, or 0.75 ns per cycle) may have a larger CAS latency of 9, but at a clock frequency of 1333 MHz the amount of time to wait 9 ...
In computing, the clock rate or clock speed typically refers to the frequency at which the clock generator of a processor can generate pulses, which are used to synchronize the operations of its components, [1] and is used as an indicator of the processor's speed. It is measured in the SI unit of frequency hertz (Hz).
The CAS latency is the delay between the time at which the column address and the column address strobe signal are presented to the memory module and the time at which the corresponding data is made available by the memory module. The desired row must already be active; if it is not, additional time is required.
AMAT's three parameters hit time (or hit latency), miss rate, and miss penalty provide a quick analysis of memory systems. Hit latency (H) is the time to hit in the cache. Miss rate (MR) is the frequency of cache misses, while average miss penalty (AMP) is the cost of a cache miss in terms of time. Concretely it can be defined as follows.
The gap between processor speed and main memory speed has grown exponentially. Until 2001–05, CPU speed, as measured by clock frequency, grew annually by 55%, whereas memory speed only grew by 7%. [1] This problem is known as the memory wall. The motivation for a cache and its hierarchy is to bridge this speed gap and overcome the memory wall.
Memory operations per second or MOPS is a metric for an expression of the performance capacity of semiconductor memory. It can also be used to determine the efficiency of RAM in the Windows operating environment. [1] [2] MOPS can be affected by multiple applications being open at once without adequate job scheduling. [3]