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In mathematics, the definite integral ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx} is the area of the region in the xy -plane bounded by the graph of f , the x -axis, and the lines x = a and x = b , such that area above the x -axis adds to the total, and that below the x -axis subtracts from the total.
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
To compute the integral, we set n to its value and use the reduction formula to express it in terms of the (n – 1) or (n – 2) integral. The lower index integral can be used to calculate the higher index ones; the process is continued repeatedly until we reach a point where the function to be integrated can be computed, usually when its index is 0 or 1.
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
The process of finding the value of an integral is called integration. [46]: 508 The indefinite integral, also known as the antiderivative, is the inverse operation to the derivative. [48]: 163–165 F is an indefinite integral of f when f is a derivative of F. (This use of lower- and upper-case letters for a function and its indefinite ...
By means of integration by parts, a reduction formula can be obtained. Using the identity = , we have for all , = () () = . Integrating the second integral by parts, with:
Toyesh Prakash Sharma, Etisha Sharma, "Putting Forward Another Generalization Of The Class Of Exponential Integrals And Their Applications.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.1-8, 2023.
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form: