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The Nixon shock was the effect of a series of economic measures, including wage and price freezes, surcharges on imports, and the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold, taken by United States President Richard Nixon on 15th August 1971 in response to increasing inflation. [1] [2]
American circulating gold coins of the period comprised an alloy of 90% gold and 10% copper for durability. After the realigning election of 1932 following the onset of the Great Depression , from March 1933 the gold standard was abandoned, and the Act abrogated, by a coordinated series of policy changes including executive orders by President ...
The maintenance of a gold standard required almost monthly adjustments of interest rates. During the 1870–1920 period, the industrialized nations set up central banking systems, with one of the last being the Federal Reserve in 1913. [3] By this point the role of the central bank as the "lender of last resort" was understood.
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The Gold Clause Cases were a series of actions brought before the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the court narrowly upheld the Roosevelt administration's adjustment of the gold standard in response to the Great Depression.
The United Kingdom slipped into a gold specie standard in 1717 by over-valuing gold at 15 + 1 ⁄ 5 times its weight in silver. It was unique among nations to use gold in conjunction with clipped, underweight silver shillings, addressed only before the end of the 18th century by the acceptance of gold proxies like token silver coins and banknotes.
The Coinage Act of 1873 or Mint Act of 1873 was a general revision of laws relating to the Mint of the United States.By ending the right of holders of silver bullion to have it coined into standard silver dollars, while allowing holders of gold to continue to have their bullion made into money, the act created a gold standard by default.
The Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 (Title II of Pub. L. 91–379, 84 Stat. 799, enacted August 15, 1970, [2] formerly codified at 12 U.S.C. § 1904) was a United States law that authorized the President to stabilize prices, rents, wages, salaries, interest rates, dividends and similar transfers [3] as part of a general program of price controls within the American domestic goods and labor ...