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The Étard reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the direct oxidation of an aromatic or heterocyclic bound methyl group to an aldehyde using chromyl chloride. [1] [2] [3] For example, toluene can be oxidized to benzaldehyde. It is named for the French chemist Alexandre Léon Étard (5 January 1852, Alençon – 1 May 1910).
Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde are produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen. Typical catalysts include cobalt or manganese naphthenates. [32] Related but laboratory-scale oxidations involve the use of potassium permanganate to yield benzoic acid and chromyl chloride to yield benzaldehyde (Étard reaction).
Addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to potassium permanganate gives Mn 2 O 7. [76] Although no reaction may be apparent, the vapor over the mixture will ignite paper impregnated with alcohol. Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidizing power and rapidly oxidizes the alcohol, causing it to ...
Toluene (or methylbenzene) is a common chemical found in chemistry laboratories. An alkylbenzene is a chemical compound that contains a monocyclic aromatic ring attaching to one or more saturated hydrocarbon chains. [1] Alkylbenzenes are derivatives of benzene, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.
Through a variety of mechanisms, the removal of a hydride equivalent converts a primary or secondary alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone, respectively. The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (gem-diol, R-CH(OH) 2) by reaction with water ...
The chemical chameleon reaction shows the process in reverse, by reducing violet potassium permanganate first to green potassium manganate and eventually to brown manganese dioxide: [1] [2] [5] KMnO 4 (violet) → K 2 MnO 4 (green) → MnO 2 (brown/yellow suspension) Blue potassium hypomanganate may also form as an intermediate. [6]
For example, potassium permanganate dissolves in benzene in the presence of 18-crown-6, giving the so-called "purple benzene", which can be used to oxidize diverse organic compounds. [1] Various substitution reactions are also accelerated in the presence of 18-crown-6, which suppresses ion-pairing. [10] The anions thereby become naked nucleophiles.
For instance, potassium permanganate decomposes at 230 °C to potassium manganate and manganese dioxide, releasing oxygen gas: 2 KMnO 4 → K 2 MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2 A permanganate can oxidize an amine to a nitro compound , [ 7 ] [ 8 ] an alcohol to a ketone , [ 9 ] an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid , [ 10 ] [ 11 ] a terminal alkene to a ...