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  2. Buffer overflow protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow_protection

    Canaries or canary words or stack cookies are known values that are placed between a buffer and control data on the stack to monitor buffer overflows. When the buffer overflows, the first data to be corrupted will usually be the canary, and a failed verification of the canary data will therefore alert of an overflow, which can then be handled, for example, by invalidating the corrupted data.

  3. Length extension attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_extension_attack

    In cryptography and computer security, a length extension attack is a type of attack where an attacker can use Hash(message 1) and the length of message 1 to calculate Hash(message 1 ‖ message 2) for an attacker-controlled message 2, without needing to know the content of message 1.

  4. SHA-1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1

    Pre-processing: append the bit '1' to the message e.g. by adding 0x80 if message length is a multiple of 8 bits. append 0 ≤ k < 512 bits '0', such that the resulting message length in bits is congruent to −64 ≡ 448 (mod 512) append ml, the original message length in bits, as a 64-bit big-endian integer. Thus, the total length is a ...

  5. Stack buffer overflow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_buffer_overflow

    In software, a stack buffer overflow or stack buffer overrun occurs when a program writes to a memory address on the program's call stack outside of the intended data structure, which is usually a fixed-length buffer. [1] [2] Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than what is ...

  6. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    Collisions against the full SHA-1 algorithm can be produced using the shattered attack and the hash function should be considered broken. SHA-1 produces a hash digest of 160 bits (20 bytes). Documents may refer to SHA-1 as just "SHA", even though this may conflict with the other Secure Hash Algorithms such as SHA-0, SHA-2, and SHA-3.

  7. Avalanche effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect

    In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers [1] and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip).

  8. Cryptographic primitive - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive

    Symmetric key cryptography—compute a ciphertext decodable with the same key used to encode (e.g., AES) Public-key cryptography—compute a ciphertext decodable with a different key used to encode (e.g., RSA) Digital signatures—confirm the author of a message; Mix network—pool communications from many users to anonymize what came from whom

  9. Whirlpool (hash function) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)

    In computer science and cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function.It was designed by Vincent Rijmen (co-creator of the Advanced Encryption Standard) and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, who first described it in 2000.