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The letters s, t, n, l are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds. (The Extended IPA diacritic was devised for speech pathology and is frequently used to mean "alveolarized", as in the labioalveolar sounds [p͇, b͇, m͇, f͇, v͇], where the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge.)
The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ɹ , a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is r , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R.
The voiced alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is n , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n. The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal.
The minimum pressure drop required to achieve phonation is called the phonation threshold pressure (PTP), [1] [2] and for humans with normal vocal folds, it is approximately 2–3 cm H 2 O. The motion of the vocal folds during oscillation is mostly lateral, though there is also some superior component as well.
The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by non-native English-speakers as an 'R-sound' in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop ( [ t ] , [ d ] , or both) or a rhotic consonant (like the alveolar trill or the alveolar approximant ).
The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z] is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads. The voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate [dð̠], or [dð͇] using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian. The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [d͡z̺]
The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is d (although the symbol d̪ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and d̠ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.