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Restrictive lung diseases are a category of extrapulmonary, pleural, or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, [2] resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity.
If a fibrothorax is severe, the thickening may restrict the lung on the affected side causing a loss of lung volume. [7] Additionally, the mediastinum may be physically shifted toward the affected side. [3] A reduction in the size of one side of the chest (hemithorax) on an X-ray or CT scan of the chest suggests chronic scarring. [6]
COPD is defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) that is less than 0.7 (or 70%). [8] The residual volume, the volume of air left in the lungs following full expiration, is often increased in COPD, as is the total lung capacity, while the vital capacity remains relatively normal.
Smoking is a known cause of some types of lung fibrosis, such as smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF). [11] Some typical connective tissue diseases [7] such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, SLE and scleroderma; Other diseases that involve connective tissue, such as sarcoidosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Causes: Unknown [2] Risk factors: Cigarette smoking, certain viral infections, family history [1] Diagnostic method: CT scan, lung biopsy [3] Differential diagnosis: Sarcoidosis, other interstitial lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis [4] Treatment: Pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen, lung transplantation [1] Medication ...
Restrictive lung diseases yielding from intrinsic factors occur within the lungs themselves, such as tissue death due to inflammation or toxins. Conversely, restrictive lung diseases caused by extrinsic factors result from conditions originating from outside the lungs such as neuromuscular dysfunction and irregular chest wall movements.
When associated with significant airflow limitation, emphysema is a major subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. [10] [11] Without COPD, the finding of emphysema on a CT lung scan still confers a higher mortality risk in tobacco smokers ...
It is caused by cigarette smoking. [1] [2] The term SRIF was coined by Dr. Anna-Luise Katzenstein (a pathologist) and colleagues in 2010 in a study of lung specimens surgically removed for lung cancer. [3] Since then, other investigators have confirmed the same abnormality in the lungs of a subset of smokers. [4] [5]
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