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The complex exponential is the unique continuous function that satisfies this functional equation and has the value for = . The complex logarithm is a right-inverse function of the complex exponential: e log z = z . {\displaystyle e^{\log z}=z.}
The value of the natural log function for argument e, i.e. ln e, equals 1. The principal motivation for introducing the number e, particularly in calculus, is to perform differential and integral calculus with exponential functions and logarithms. [28] A general exponential function y = a x has a derivative, given by a limit:
In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.
In hydrology, the log-normal distribution is used to analyze extreme values of such variables as monthly and annual maximum values of daily rainfall and river discharge volumes. [ 78 ] The image on the right, made with CumFreq , illustrates an example of fitting the log-normal distribution to ranked annually maximum one-day rainfalls showing ...
The limit, should it exist, is a positive real solution of the equation y = x y. Thus, x = y 1/y. The limit defining the infinite exponential of x does not exist when x > e 1/e because the maximum of y 1/y is e 1/e. The limit also fails to exist when 0 < x < e −e. This may be extended to complex numbers z with the definition:
It is used to solve systems of linear differential equations. In the theory of Lie groups, the matrix exponential gives the exponential map between a matrix Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie group. Let X be an n × n real or complex matrix. The exponential of X, denoted by e X or exp(X), is the n × n matrix given by the power series = =!
Later on, the text can refer to this equation by its number using syntax like this: As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), example text... The result looks like this: As seen in equation , example text... The equation number produced by {{EquationNote}} is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited equation.
One way of defining the exponential function over the complex numbers is to first define it for the domain of real numbers using one of the above characterizations, and then extend it as an analytic function, which is characterized by its values on any infinite domain set.