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Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme ( EC 5.3.1.9) that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19. [4] This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family.
The isomerase has now been observed in nearly a hundred species of bacteria. [2] Xylose-isomerases are also commonly called glucose isomerase or fructose isomerases due to their ability to interconvert glucose and fructose. The systematic name of this enzyme class is α-D-xylopyranose aldose-ketose-isomerase. Other names in common use include D ...
Glucose isomerase (also known as xylose isomerase) catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose and D-glucose to D-xylulose and D-fructose. Like most sugar isomerases, glucose isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses. [24] The conversion of glucose to fructose is a key component of high-fructose corn syrup production.
In enzymology, a glucuronate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-glucuronate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-fructuronate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate , D-glucuronate , and one product , D-fructuronate .
D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.28, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate isomerase, phosphoheptose isomerase, gmhA (gene), lpcA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase.
Human epimerases include methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, involved in the metabolic breakdown of the amino acids alanine, isoleucine, methionine and valine, [2] and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, which is used in the final step of galactose metabolism - catalyzing the reversible conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose.
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate, and one product, beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on carbohydrates and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase.
The transfer of the glucose 6-phosphate is carried out by a transporter protein (T1) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains structures allowing the exit of the phosphate group (T2) and glucose (T3). [7] Glucose 6-phosphatase consists of 357 amino acids, and is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by nine transmembrane helices.