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ASR can lead to serious cracking in concrete, resulting in critical structural problems that can even force the demolition of a particular structure. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregates was first studied by Thomas E. Stanton in California during the 1930s with his founding publication in 1940.
In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect contents and structural integrity. The waterproofing of the building envelope in construction specifications is listed under 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection within MasterFormat 2004, by the Construction Specifications Institute, and includes roofing and waterproofing materials.
Subsequentlly, Sika was listed on the Swiss Stock Exchange. 1990: Challenging environment. The 1990s was a challenging decade for Sika. To improve performance, the company withdrew from less lucrative, non-core businesses, such as the building of robots used to restore sewer lines. Sika also abandoned the manufacture of road building products.
Structural grout is often used in reinforced masonry to fill voids in masonry housing reinforcing steel, securing the steel in place, and bonding it to the masonry. [2] Nonshrinking grout is used beneath metal bearing plates to ensure a consistent bearing surface between the plate and its substrate, which adds stability and allows for higher ...
There are different kinds of green roofs, but they typically have multiple layers, including structural decking, waterproofing material, drainage, irrigation, soil and vegetation.
The ancient Romans used a type of lime mortar that has been found to be self-healing. [8] The stratlingite crystals form along the interfacial zones of Roman concrete, binding the aggregate and mortar together and this process continued even after 2000 years and it was discovered by the geologist Marie Jackson and her colleagues in 2014.
Shotcrete is also a viable means and method for placing structural concrete. [citation needed] Shotcrete is very useful in hard rock mining. Development of decline pathway to go underground is critical for movement of heavy machinery, miners, and material. Shotcrete helps make these paths safe from any ground fall. [8]
In construction, structural repairs is a technical term describing maintenance of a property structure in order to bring it up to local health and safety standards. It is contrasted to renovations or non-structural repairs. Unlike renovations, structural repairs add relatively little value to a property. [1] [2] [3]