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  2. Projection (relational algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(relational...

    [1] In practical terms, if a relation is thought of as a table, then projection can be thought of as picking a subset of its columns. For example, if the attributes are (name, age), then projection of the relation {(Alice, 5), (Bob, 8)} onto attribute list (age) yields {5,8} – we have discarded the names, and only know what ages are present.

  3. Relational algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra

    The relational algebra uses set union, set difference, and Cartesian product from set theory, and adds additional constraints to these operators to create new ones.. For set union and set difference, the two relations involved must be union-compatible—that is, the two relations must have the same set of attributes.

  4. Selection (relational algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(relational_algebra)

    In relational algebra, a selection (sometimes called a restriction in reference to E.F. Codd's 1970 paper [1] and not, contrary to a popular belief, to avoid confusion with SQL's use of SELECT, since Codd's article predates the existence of SQL) is a unary operation that denotes a subset of a relation.

  5. Conjunctive query - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctive_Query

    Conjunctive queries without distinguished variables are called boolean conjunctive queries.Conjunctive queries where all variables are distinguished (and no variables are bound) are called equi-join queries, [1] because they are the equivalent, in the relational calculus, of the equi-join queries in the relational algebra (when selecting all columns of the result).

  6. Functional dependency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dependency

    Equivalently, the projection, is a function, that is, Y is a function of X. [1] [2] In simple words, if the values for the X attributes are known (say they are x), then the values for the Y attributes corresponding to x can be determined by looking them up in any tuple of R containing x.

  7. Select (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(SQL)

    [1] [2] A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views. In most applications, SELECT is the most commonly used data manipulation language (DML) command. As SQL is a declarative programming language, SELECT queries specify a result set, but do not specify how to calculate it.

  8. Fifth normal form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_normal_form

    Fifth normal form (5NF), also known as projection–join normal form (PJ/NF), is a level of database normalization designed to remove redundancy in relational databases recording multi-valued facts by isolating semantically related multiple relationships.

  9. Relational model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model

    The relational model (RM) is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd, [1] [2] where all data are represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations.